Patient Education

Grandmother's Hands Family Health would like to be your partner in health care. Feel free to ask your questions and share your concerns with us. We will work with you to develop a wellness program for the care and treatment you need.

We welcome you to our practice and look forward to caring for you.

Grandmother's Hands Family Health provides a full range of medical services including the following:

On-Site X-rays

X-rays are imaging tests that produce images of the structures inside the body. X-rays use a type of radiation called electromagnetic waves to produce these internal images. As these waves penetrate the body, they are absorbed in different amounts by different body tissues. Bones are dense and absorb X-ray waves very well and the images appear very clearly, but soft tissues do not absorb the X-rays as well and are therefore harder to see on an X-ray image. Often used to confirm a fracture or a break in a bone, X-rays may be used to investigate lung conditions, digestive tract problems, arthritis, heart failure, breast cancer and other conditions. ...

Well Child Visit

A well child visit, also known as a routine physical or medical checkup, is recommended for children of all ages. Regular well visit examinations are important for keeping children healthy and up-to-date on their immunizations. A well visit is also an opportunity to communicate with the doctor about growth and developmental issues and any concerns about a child's overall health. While they may be scheduled more frequently when they are younger, when a child reaches the age of 3, a well care visit should be scheduled annually with a pediatrician. Preventative care is an important part of a healthy lifestyle for a child. ...

Urology

Urology is a medical field that deals with both surgical and non-surgical diseases of the urinary system and reproductive organs. The organs involved in urology include the kidneys, adrenal glands, ureters, bladder, urethra, and male reproductive organs like the testes, epididymides, vas deferens, seminal vesicles, prostate, and penis. ...

Urinary Tract Infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is a common infection of the urinary system, which includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. The urinary tract refers to just the bladder and the urethra, and an infection can develop in either of these areas. These infections occur much more frequently in women than in men and may cause intense pain and discomfort. ...

Urinary Incontinence

Urinary incontinence (UI) is the loss of bladder control. It is a common condition that involves the involuntary loss of urine. It may range in severity from occasionally leaking urine to a sudden urge to urinate that comes on very strongly. Although it is not usually a serious condition, UI can be embarrassing and affect a person's daily life. Urinary incontinence is most common in women, especially during and after pregnancy. It can, however, affect people of all ages. Being overweight or elderly may also increase the risk of urinary incontinence. ...

Tympanostomy

A tympanostomy is a surgical procedure during which a surgical opening is made in the eardrum, or tympanic membrane, in order to promote drainage of infected fluid from the middle ear and ear tubes are surgically implanted into the eardrum to promote ongoing drainage. After the tympanostomy, the tubes remain in place for several months. ...

Tympanoplasty

Tympanoplasty is a surgical procedure performed to reconstruct the eardrum when it has been badly torn or perforated. The eardrum, a membrane between the outer ear and middle ear, also known as the tympanic membrane, vibrates to assist in the hearing process. When the eardrum is damaged, hearing loss often occurs. A perforation of the eardrum may also cause severe pain, dizziness or bleeding from the ear. ...

Tympanic Membrane Perforation

Tympanic membrane perforation, or perforation of the eardrum, occurs when the membrane is torn or punctured. Sometimes when the tympanic membrane is perforated, the small bones of the inner ear, called ossicles, are fractured at the same time. An eardrum perforation may cause hearing loss in the affected ear, but this is usually temporary. ...

Tuberculosis

Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection. Although it primarily affects the lungs, it can attack other parts of the body, including the kidneys, spine, brain and bones. There are two classifications of tuberculosis: latent and active. People with latent TB are asymptomatic and not contagious. They are, however, in danger of developing active TB. Those infected with active TB develop symptoms, and are in danger of infecting others. Although the number of reported cases of tuberculosis in the United States has declined annually over the years, it is still a serious problem in other parts of the world. ...

Tuberculin Skin Test

The primary test for tuberculosis (TB), a serious, potentially life-threatening, bacterial infection of the lungs, is a simple skin test known as a Mantoux tuberculin test, or purified protein derivative (PPD) test. This test evaluates whether the body reacts to the existence of the bacteria that cause tuberculosis. Although TB infections are now rare in the United States, certain people are susceptible to them, such as those with weakened immune systems, travelers who come from or visit countries with high rates of the disease, and those who work in the health care industry. ...

Travel Medicine

Now that worldwide travel has become so common, for business, pleasure and educational purposes, travel medicine is an expanding field. In order to accommodate individuals or groups planning to travel to exotic locations, many services, including immunizations and prescribed medications, are available to prevent or treat diseases that may be prevalent abroad, or even, in some cases, in particular regions of the United States. The risk to travelers is increased if they are visiting a destination where they will come into contact with pathogens they have never before encountered. ...

Tinnitus

Tinnitus is a sensation of noise in the ears which may manifest itself as ringing, clicking, or hissing. Tinnitus is extremely common, experienced by as many as one in five individuals. Usually not a serious medical problem, tinnitus can nonetheless be extremely intrusive, affecting the patient's quality of life. It is often considered a symptom, caused by an underlying condition such as a problem with the inner or middle ear. Although it is often not a serious health problem, if tinnitus persists, it can cause fatigue, depression, anxiety, and problems with memory and concentration. ...

Tear Duct Obstruction

A tear duct obstruction, also known as dacryostenosis or nasolacrimal duct obstruction, is a common condition that affects more than five percent of all infants and is present at birth. Tears usually drain through small openings in the corners of the eyelids, known as puncta, and enter the nose through the nasolacrimal duct. When an obstruction exists, tears cannot properly drain from the eyes and may well up on the surface of the eye and overflow on the eyelashes and eyelids. The eyelids may also become red and swollen with yellow or green discharge. ...

Syncope

Syncope, commonly known as fainting, is a brief loss of consciousness as a result of a sudden drop in blood pressure and decrease in heart rate which results in an insufficient flow of blood to the brain. Most people regain consciousness after a few moments, but may experience a state of confusion for a short period. ...

Swimmer's Ear

Swimmer's ear (otitis externa) is an ear infection caused when bacteria found in water penetrates the ear canal. Occasionally, fungi or viruses may also cause this condition. Swimmer's ear usually only affects one ear and is most common among children, young adults and people who suffer from chronic middle ear infections. ...

Surfer's Ear

Surfer's ear, known medically as exostosis, refers to an abnormal bone growth within the ear canal that can narrow the passage and block the eardrum. Surfer's ear is caused by repeated exposure to the cold wind and cold water often experienced while surfing or swimming. The condition is much less prevalent in individuals who swim or surf in warmer waters. ...

Suboccipital Craniectomy for Acoustic Neuroma

An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor found on the nerves that lead from the brain to the inner ear and control balance and hearing. When surgery to remove an acoustic neuroma is necessary, a suboccipital craniectomy is most frequently the procedure chosen. ...

Stroke

A stroke occurs when there is a reduction in the flow of blood to the brain. The lack of blood supply may be the result of a blockage in an artery or a burst blood vessel in the brain. A stroke deprives brain tissue of oxygen and nutrients, causing brain cells to die. A stroke is a medical emergency and requires immediate attention by a medical professional. Prompt treatment can minimize damage to the brain and prevent further complications. ...

Strep Throat

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Strabismus

Strabismus, or crossed eyes, is a misalignment of the eyes. The eyes are not lined up with each other and are unable to point at the same object together. The condition occurs in about 4% of children, and many adults suffer from it as well.

Sometimes incorrectly referred to as a lazy eye, strabismus is also known as: ...

Sports Physicals

A sports physical exam, also known as a preparticipation physical examination (PPE), is a thorough medical examination that determines whether or not it is safe for an athlete to participate in a particular sport. The purpose of a PPE is to prevent as many injuries and medical emergencies on the court or playing field as possible Sports physicals are often required for children and teens before they are allowed to join a team sport and are usually repeated before each season. PPEs are required by most state governments as well. ...

Smoking Cessation

Smoking cigarettes is harmful to almost every organ in the body. It is the main cause of lung cancer and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is often the cause of coronary heart disease, stroke and many other diseases. Every year, millions of deaths worldwide can be attributed to tobacco use. With each cigarette, the risk of developing heart disease or lung cancer increases. Nicotine is the ingredient in cigarettes that causes addiction. Smoking is physically addictive and can also become socially addictive, as many people link smoking with social activities, making it a difficult addiction to overcome. ...

Sleep Disorders

Sleep disorders are disturbances in sleep patterns. They involve difficulty falling asleep or staying asleep, excessive daytime tiredness, irregular breathing during sleep, or abnormal sleep behaviors. Sleep disorders may develop as a result of changes in the neurotransmitters of the brain, taking certain medications (such as corticosteroids), illness, stress, anxiety, depression, excessive caffeine or alcohol, or drug use. A sleep disorder can interfere with daily activities, and affect overall health and quality of life. When accurately diagnosed, however, most sleep disorders can be effectively treated. ...

Shingles

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Sexually Transmitted Diseases

A sexually transmitted disease (STD) is a disease or infection that is spread from one person to another through sexual contact. Most STDs are caused by bacteria, parasites or viruses that are transmitted through contact with the genitals, skin, mouth, rectum or bodily fluids. Sexually transmitted diseases can cause problems ranging from mild irritation to severe pain. Left untreated, some STDs can cause illness, cancer and infertility, or harm to a fetus. ...

School Physicals

Every student should have an annual physical examination before going back to school to begin the new term. In many states, this medical examination is mandated by law and most schools require that a medical form be filled out before the child is permitted to attend classes. This checkup is necessary for the child's health and well-being and for the health of everyone else in the school environment. A typical physical examination includes the taking of a medical history, an observation and evaluation of posture, stature, mobility, joints and organs, as well as tests for vision and hearing. In many elementary schools, a school physician is available to perform medical examinations, but most students are examined by their private physicians. ...

Scarlet Fever

Scarlet fever, also known as scarlatina, is a bacterial infection caused by the group A Streptococcus bacteria. Scarlet fever occurs in a small amount of people who have strep throat and most often in children aged 5 to 15 years old.

Symptoms of Scarlet Fever

In addition to the symptoms of strep throat, scarlet fever may have some of the following symptoms: ...

Retinopathy of Prematurity

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP), also known as Terry syndrome or retrolental fibroplasia (RLF), is the abnormal growth of blood vessels and scar tissue on the retinas of a premature baby. The growth of these blood vessels can cause the retina to detach from the eye resulting in vision impairment or blindness. Retinal blood vessels are usually developed by the time of birth or shortly thereafter. A premature birth interrupts the development process resulting in the lack of oxygen and nutrients reaching the retina. As a result, blood vessels begin to grow abnormally to supplement the needs of the retina. ...

Retinitis Pigmentosa

Retinitis pigmentosa is a rare genetic disorder that causes the rod and cone cells of the retina to deteriorate. Retinitis pigmentosa is a member of a group of inherited retinal diseases that is characterized by a loss of visual field, night blindness and color perception. This condition is caused by a genetic mutation that runs in families and is not caused by environmental factors, trauma or infection. Retinitis pigmentosa is not preventable. ...

Punctal Plugs

Punctal plugs, also known as punctum plugs, lacrimal plugs or occluders, are a method of treating dry eyes. Punctal plugs can relieve dry eye symptoms when eye drops or ointments fail. Punctal plugs are placed in the opening of the tear duct, reducing the natural drainage of tears and keeping the eyes moist. Punctal plugs can be a temporary or permanent solution to dry eyes. ...

Ptosis

Ptosis is the drooping of the upper eyelid. Although ptosis is usually the result of aging, it sometimes develops after eye surgery or injury. Sometimes the condition is congenital. Because ptosis may be present due to serious causes, patients with this disorder should be checked by a medical professional to determine whether treatment is necessary and, if so, what kind. ...

Psychology

Psychology is the science and study of mental processes and behavior. A psychologist is someone who usually has an advanced degree, often a Ph.D., and training in research. A psychologist is not the equivalent of a psychiatrist, who has a medical degree. Psychologists can work in a wide variety of settings, including universities, laboratories, private practices, clinics, traditional offices, counseling centers and schools. ...

Physical Exam

A routine physical exam is recommended at least once each year for patients of all ages. This complete medical examination allows the doctor to evaluate the patient's overall health and detect any illnesses or medical conditions in the early stages. Early detection of a disease may result in more effective treatment. An annual physical examination helps individuals to address any health issues and allows the doctor to give recommendations for healthy living and preventative care. ...

Perichondritis

Perichondritis is an infection of the skin and tissue surrounding the cartilage of the outer ear, also known as the perichondrium. The function of the perichondrium is to provide nourishment to the cartilage. Left untreated, perichondritis can infect the cartilage itself and cause further complications. Repeated episodes of perichondritis may lead a physician to suspect an underlying autoimmune disorder. ...

Pediatric Rheumatology

Rheumatology refers to a series of disorders that affect the joints, muscles and bones. There are over 100 different kinds of rheumatic diseases, many of which are chronic or life-threatening. Some of the most common rheumatic diseases include arthritis, gout, lupus, osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis. While rheumatic diseases are most common among older people, they can also affect children. Identifying these diseases at an early stage is important in preventing damage and ensuring proper growth and development. ...

Paronychia

Paronychia is a common, relatively benign, infection that occurs on the skin around the nails. It is typically the result of an injury to the area, as when a hangnail is picked or bitten off. Paronychia presents as a painful swelling around the nail that may include blisters filled with pus and changes to the nail's overall appearance. There are three pathogens that may be responsible for paronychia: bacteria, candida (a particular kind of yeast), and other types of fungus. ...

Pain Medication

A number of different types of medications may be used to reduce pain in various parts of the body. Medications may be helpful in relieving pain, depending on the medical condition of the patient and the severity of the pain being experienced.

Over-the-Counter Medications

Over-the-counter medications are frequently helpful in relieving symptomatic pain that is mild to moderate. Such medications may include analgesics such as acetaminophen and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, or NSAIDS, such as ibuprofen and naproxen. It is important for patients to consult with their physicians regarding appropriate dosages and to avoid possible interactions with prescribed medications or over-the-counter preparations they may be already taking. ...

Otoplasty

Otoplasty (ear surgery) is a cosmetic procedure to improve the appearance of the ears. Otoplasty does not affect hearing, and provides significant psychological benefits to anyone who is teased about ear size and/or shape, has had a serious ear injury, or simply wants to improve his or her appearance. Otoplasty is most often performed to set unusually protruding ears closer to the head (ear pinning) or to reduce the size of abnormally large ears. Otoplasty may also be helpful in repairing the following: ...

Osteoarthritis

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis is the most common form of arthritis. It develops as the cartilage protecting the bones of a joint wears down over time. Over the years, as stress is put on the joints, cartilage wears thin and sometimes even erodes completely, resulting in stiffness and pain. It occurs more frequently in older individuals, however it sometimes develops in athletes from overuse of a joint or after an injury. It commonly affects the fingers, knees, lower back and hips, and is often treated with medication, specific exercises, and physical therapy. In severe cases, joint replacement surgery may be suggested. Osteoarthritis tends to get worse over time. ...

Conjunctivitis

Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as pink eye, is an infection or inflammation of the conjunctiva, the membrane that lines the eyelid and covers the white part of the eyeball. The inflammation affects the blood vessels in the eye and gives the eye a pink or red appearance. Pink eye can be caused by either a bacterial or viral infection, an allergic reaction, a foreign object in the eye or a blocked tear duct. Pink eye can be contagious, so proper diagnosis and prompt treatment are important. ...

Onychomycosis

Onychomycosis (nail fungus) is the most common infection of the nails in adults; it affects toenails more frequently than fingernails. Usually, the first sign of onychomycosis is a white or yellow spot under the nail. Left untreated, onychomycosis causes a nail to thicken and become brittle. The nail may split or crumble, or even separate from the nail bed. Onychomycosis can be contagious, spreading from nail to nail or, rarely, to nearby skin. ...

Obesity

Obesity is a chronic condition defined by an excess of body fat. Body fat has several important functions in the body, such as storing energy and providing insulation. Excess body fat, however, may interfere with an individual's health and well-being, particularly if a patient becomes morbidly obese. Not only does obesity interfere with everyday activities, it also increases the risk of developing serious medical conditions, such as high blood pressure and diabetes. Obesity is a serious health issue presently reaching epidemic proportions in society. It results in medical complications and early morbidity for a great many people. Other health conditions caused or exacerbated by obesity may include heart disease, osteoarthritis, sleep apnea, high cholesterol and asthma. The good news is that obesity is a treatable ailment and that modern medicine provides more remedies for the condition than previously existed. ...

Newborn Hearing Screening

Newborn hearing screening is a noninvasive method used to detect hearing loss in newborns. Since 3 out of every 1000 newborns are born with permanent hearing loss, many of them with no known risk factors for the condition, newborn hearing screening is essential. Once limited to infants considered to be at high risk for hearing loss, such as premature infants, newborn hearing screening is now, although not mandated in every state, nearly universally performed. ...

Nausea and Vomiting

Nausea and vomiting are uncomfortable symptoms that may or may not be indicative of a serious disorder. Nausea is a feeling of uneasiness in the stomach, usually accompanied by the sensation that one needs to, or is about to, vomit. Vomiting is the emptying, most often involuntarily, but occasionally voluntarily, of the stomach contents through the mouth. ...

Ingrown Toenails

Ingrown toenails are toenails that have grown into the skin of the toe, causing pain, swelling and, frequently, infection. Usually, it is the corner of the big toe that is affected by this condition, although the smaller toes can also develop this problem. Ingrown toenails may occur as a result of tight-fitting shoes, a curved growth pattern of the nail itself, an injury, or improper toenail cutting. If left untreated, an ingrown toenail is likely to develop an infection and may even require surgery to remove the nail. ...

Myringotomy

A myringotomy is a surgical procedure in which a small incision is made in the tympanic membrane (eardrum) to remove fluid such as blood, pus or water from the middle ear.

A myringotomy is performed to relieve pressure buildup in the middle ear, usually due to chronic middle ear infections which are resistant to other treatments. There may also be excessive fluid present due to severe allergies. ...

Myositis

Myositis is a rare autoimmune disease that causes muscles to become swollen and inflamed. This disorder affects the voluntary muscles of the body that consciously control movement. Myositis may develop slowly over time and can range in severity from mild to severe. Myositis causes progressive weakness and inflammation in muscles throughout the body and can affect adults and children. ...

Mycotic Nail Infections

Mycotic (fungal) nail infections are very common. Although they can occur on the fingernails, they are more commonly found on the toenails, because fungus grows more readily in warm, dark, moist areas like enclosed shoes. Infected nails appear discolored, thick and brittle and may at times be painful. Mycotic nail infections most frequently appear in adults. ...

Mixed Connective Tissue Disease

Mixed connective tissue disease, sometimes referred to as an overlap disease, is a disorder that includes signs and symptoms of a combination of disorders including lupus, scleroderma, polymyositis, and in some cases, rheumatoid arthritis. The symptoms of mixed connective tissue disease don't always appear all at once and may occur in sequence over a number of years, which can make diagnosing this disease difficult. Mixed connective tissue disease can cause inflammation and damage to various parts of the body and can affect joints, skin, kidneys, heart, lungs, blood vessels, and the brain. It is most common in women under 30, however children may sometimes be affected by this disorder. ...

Microtia

Microtia is a relatively common birth defect in which the outer ear, also known as the pinna or auricle, is unusually small or misshapen. When the outer ear is missing altogether the disorder is known as anotia. While substantially more common as a unilateral condition, microtia may occur in one or both ears. Children with microtia are not only at risk of developing psychological problems because of their abnormal appearance, but are also likely to suffer from hearing loss to a lesser or greater degree. Since hearing loss will adversely affect the development of speech and language skills, surgery at an early age is usually recommended to treat this condition. ...

Medical Pedicure

A medical pedicure promotes overall foot and nail wellness in addition to enhancing the appearance of the toes. This procedure is often recommended for patients with corns, calluses or other minor foot conditions who may require more intensive treatment than a traditional pedicure. Medical pedicures are becoming increasingly popular at nail salons, spas and podiatric offices and are often performed on patients with diabetes, vascular disease or rheumatoid arthritis, who may be at an increased risk for recurring foot ailments and are looking for a safe and healthy maintenance treatment. ...

Mastoiditis

Mastoiditis is an infection of the mastoid bone, the prominent bone of the skull located just behind the ear. In mastoiditis, the hollow cells of the mastoid, known as mastoid air cells, become filled with infected material. Mastoiditis, like other infections, may be acute or chronic. Chronic mastoiditis is more likely to require surgical intervention. ...

Mastoidectomy

A mastoidectomy is the surgical removal of an infected portion of the mastoid bone, the prominent bone of the skull behind the ear. This surgery, once the only cure for mastoiditis, is now rarely performed since the use of antibiotics has become widespread. Still, certain situations may necessitate this procedure to rid patients of particularly troublesome, drug-resistant symptoms. ...

Long-Term Care

Long-term care involves a comprehensive range of services and support for patients who need assistance caring for themselves. These services can be beneficial for a patient with a chronic illness, or serious injury or disability, who is unable to care for him- or herself for an extended period of time. Although long-term care is most frequently used by older adults, patients of any age may need long-term care, especially following serious injury or debilitating illness. Long-term care may be provided in a facility, such as a nursing home or rehabilitation center, or a patient's home. ...

Laboratory Testing

Laboratories are a vital part of the world of medicine since modern medical laboratories do important diagnostic work for specialists in every medical field. While many medical laboratories do a variety of tests, some laboratories specialize in particular types of testing.

Cytopathology

Cytopathology laboratory testing involves the examination of cell smears from various parts of the body to check for malignancy, inflammation or other problems. Examples of cytopathological tests are Pap smears for cervical examination or microscopic examination of skin cells to detect skin cancer. Cytopathology may also be used to test for allergies through, for example, the examination of nasal smears. ...

KeryFlex%u2122 Nail Restoration System

The KeryFlex%u2122 Nail Restoration System returns toenails that have been damaged by onychomycosis (nail fungus) to their original appearance. The KeryFlex system users polymer resins to create a sturdy, natural-looking artificial nail that covers the fungal nail in order to make it look normal. According to its manufacturer, Pod-Advance, "KeryFlex is NOT a treatment for onychomycosis or related nail disorders. KeryFlex is designed for use as a cosmetic to make a patient's nail appear more attractive." ...

Internal Medicine

Internal Medicine encompasses comprehensive medical and preventive care for a wide range of conditions affecting adult patients. Patients are seen on a regular basis for ongoing wellness care and to reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease, cancer and other serious conditions. Doctors specializing in Internal Medicine strive to develop a trusting, long-term relationship with patients as part of their mission to always deliver the highest quality of care. ...

Inclusion Body Myositis

Inclusion body myositis, also known as IBM, is is an inflammatory muscle disorder that causes progressive weakness and inflammation in muscles throughout the body. Over time, the muscle weakness progresses and individuals may experience difficulty swallowing, frequent falls and weakness in the extremities. IBM commonly affects individuals over the age of 50 and is more prevalent in men than women. ...

Immunizations

While infants are protected from certain diseases at birth because of antibodies passed on to them from the mother, this maternal protection is only temporary. Continuing immunity against many diseases can be achieved through vaccinations, most often administered as injections, but sometimes administered orally or nasally. Vaccinations use small amounts of killed or weakened microorganisms that cause the targeted diseases. Introducing these altered pathogens into the body assists the immune system in developing antibodies as if it were fighting off the actual disease. These antibodies provide the patient with long-term protection. ...

Hospice Care

Hospice care provides medical services, emotional support and various other resources to a patient who is in the last stages of a terminal illness. Hospice care also provides the patient's loved ones with the support they need to deal with the difficulties inherent in caring for a terminally ill patient. The primary goal of hospice care is to provide patients with the ability to die without pain and with dignity. ...

High Cholesterol

Cholesterol is produced by the liver, the intestines and nearly all tissues in the body. Cholesterol is needed for the production of hormones, vitamin D, and the bile necessary to digest fats in food. Cholesterol also protects cell membranes from changes in temperature. Although a certain amount of cholesterol is needed, too much is unhealthy. An excessive amount of cholesterol can block blood flow in the arteries, which can lead to a stroke. High cholesterol does not have symptoms, but a simple blood test can determine its presence. Cholesterol levels can be controlled or reduced with an active and healthy lifestyle, although, in some cases, medication will be necessary. ...

High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure, also known as hypertension, occurs when the pressure of the blood flowing against the artery walls is above the normal range. Blood pressure is determined by the amount of blood the heart pumps and the blood flow resistance in the arteries. If the heart pumps more blood than normal, and the arteries are narrower than normal, the result is high blood pressure. Untreated high blood pressure can cause serious health problems, including heart attack, kidney failure and stroke. There are two types of high blood pressure: primary and secondary. Primary hypertension is high blood pressure that develops gradually over the course of time, and secondary hypertension is high blood pressure that results from an underlying medical condition. ...

Heart Attack

A heart attack occurs when the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that deliver blood to the heart, are suddenly blocked and cannot supply the heart with blood and oxygen. This blockage causes damage and gradual death of the heart muscle and often requires immediate treatment in order to save the person's life. Also known as a myocardial infarction, heart attacks most often occur as a result of coronary artery disease, a condition in which plaque builds up inside the arteries. Heart attacks are the leading cause of death for men and women in the United States. ...

Hearing Loss

Hearing loss is the sudden or gradual decrease in hearing. Hearing loss can be mild or severe, reversible, temporary or permanent, and may affect one or both ears. The most common cause of hearing loss is age, affecting up to 25 percent of people between the ages of 65 and 75 and up to 50 percent of those over the age of 75. Age-related hearing loss, known as presbycusis, results from changes in the ear which cause gradual hearing loss. Some individuals are hearing-impaired or deaf as a result of a congenital defect or because of an illness, such as Ménière's disease. ...

Foot Sprains and Strains

Both foot sprains and foot strains are very common injuries, occurring as a result of sports accidents, falls, or other traumas. The difference between the two types of injuries is that sprains affect the ligaments, the thick strands of cartilage attaching one bone to another, and strains affect the muscles or the tendons, thick bands attaching muscle to bone. In both cases, the patient with the injury usually experiences pain (particularly upon movement), swelling, tenderness, bruising, weakness or muscle spasms. Foot sprains, the more serious injury, may also cause possible instability of the joint, most frequently the ankle. Depending on where on the foot the injury occurs, patients may be unable to bear weight until healing takes place. ...

Fractures

A fracture is a break or crack in a bone that occurs when the bone cannot withstand the amount of force being placed on it. A fracture is usually the result of trauma, a fall or a direct blow to the body. The severity of a fracture usually depends on the force that caused the break. A bone may be completely fractured or partially fractured in several different ways. Treatment for fractures may include a splint, cast or surgery, depending on the severity and location of the break. ...

Flu Vaccination

Influenza, also known as the flu, is a contagious virus that appears seasonally. It spreads from person to person and can cause mild to severe illness. Symptoms of the flu include fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills, and fatigue. For some people, the flu can lead to serious complications, and possibly even death. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), up to 20 percent of Americans get the flu each year, and more than 200,000 people are hospitalized annually from flu-related complications. Flu season may start as early as October and usually subsides by May. ...

Finger Fracture

A fractured (broken) finger is usually the result of a trauma, such as a fall on an outstretched hand, a punch, or slamming the finger in a door. There are 14 bones in total in the fingers (phalanges) of each hand, each of which is susceptible to fracture. A broken finger typically results in pain, swelling, tenderness and bruising. Moving the injured finger may be difficult, and it may look deformed. These symptoms usually develop immediately at the time of the injury. ...

Family Medicine

Family medicine, also known as family practice, is the medical specialty in which physicians provide comprehensive, patient-centered primary health care to patients and their families. Physicians who practice family medicine can provide routine wellness care, such as physical exams or preventative care, to patients, regardless of age, gender, health or social status. They are also trained to know about many areas of medicine so that they are equipped to treat a wide variety of conditions. ...

Excessive Tearing

Tears are necessary to lubricate the eyes and wash away foreign bodies and other particles. Excessive tearing, also known as epiphora, occurs when too many tears are produced or when the eyes are unable to drain properly.

Causes of Excessive Tearing

Tearing of the eyes can be caused by several different factors, including: ...

Endoscopic Tear Duct Surgery

Tears usually drain through small openings in the corners of the eyelids, known as puncta, and enter the nose through the nasolacrimal duct. When an obstruction exists, tears cannot properly drain from the eyes and may well up on the surface of the eye and overflow on the eyelashes and eyelids. The eyelids may also become red and swollen with yellow or green discharge. ...

Employment Physicals

Many employers require an employment physical to determine the suitability of an individual for a job. A pre-employment physical exam may be requested to ensure new hires are physically capable of performing their work and meet general health standards. Employment examinations may include physical examinations, health inquiries, psychological tests, drug testing, and mental health assessments. These exams compare the health of the potential employee with the expected demands of the job, to ensure that the individual is fit to do the job. ...

Electrocardiogram

An electrocardiogram is a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity of the heart. Also known as an EKG or ECG, the electrocardiogram translates the information it receives into a pattern of waves for analysis. An EKG produces a record of waves that correspond to the electrical impulses that occur during each beat of a patient's heart. This non-invasive test is usually performed as part of a routine physical examination, however, it may be performed to investigate the cause of heart-related symptoms such as chest pain, shortness of breath and heart palpitations. ...

Earwax

Earwax, also known as cerumen, is a natural substance produced by glands in the ear canal to protect the eardrum from damage and infections. Earwax accumulates naturally, and then dries up and falls out of the ear canal. It functions to rid the ear of dust or sand particles, and repel water, which may contain bacteria and can cause infections. Without earwax, ears would be dry, itchy and unprotected. Earwax is made up of various different materials, and may be soft and almost liquid, or firm and solid. It is composed of dead skin cells, bacteria, sweat, oil and water. The production and clearing of earwax is natural and self-regulating so, under ordinary circumstances, the vast majority of people need never clean their ears. ...

Ear Wax Removal

Ear wax, also known as cerumen, is a natural substance produced to protect the ear from damage and infections. It is produced in the ear canal and normally accumulates and then dries up and falls out of the canal. It rids the ear of dust particles and repels water, which can cause infections. Without ear wax, the ears would be dry, itchy and unprotected. ...

Ear Pain

Ear pain, medically known as otalgia, is a common symptom of a number of medical problems, not all of them directly related to the ear. Ear pain, which can be sharp, dull or burning, temporary or constant, presents more frequently in children than in adults. Many times the type of pain experienced serves as a diagnostic tool, assisting the physician in pinpointing the pain's cause. ...

Ear Infections

Ear infections, also known as otitis media, are one of the most common childhood medical problems. Ear infections are the most frequent cause of doctor visits for children. In fact, three out of four children in the United States will have at least one ear infection by the time they reach the age of three. ...

Diet and Exercise

Developing a healthy diet and regular exercise regimen are equally important. Many people only consider improving their diet and exercise routine when they want to lose weight. Diet and exercise, however, should not be forgotten once weight loss goals are achieved since they are important health factors even in individuals who are at an optimal weight. ...

Complete Blood Count

A complete blood count (CBC) is a blood test used to evaluate a patient's state of health by measuring the number of blood cells in the body and the ratio of one type of blood cell to another in the bloodstream. This information is valuable in helping to diagnose or rule out a number of medical problems, including anemia, various infections. and many serious disorders. A CBC is frequently the first test taken during a comprehensive medical examination both because it is simple to administer and because it provides a great deal of data concerning the patient's health. ...

Diabetes

Diabetes is the inability of the body to create or use insulin, a hormone secreted by the pancreas that enables sugar or glucose to enter cells. Diabetes is a serious, chronic metabolic disorder in which the body either does not produce enough insulin or does not respond to the insulin being produced. ...

Dementia

Dementia is not a single disorder, but rather a combination of age-related symptoms involving a loss of mental skills and deteriorating brain function. Dementia literally translates to "deprived of mind," and may be the result of several different underlying conditions, some of which are treatable and some of which are not. Patients with dementia gradually lose memory, communication skills, the ability to reason, and the facility to complete the tasks of everyday living. ...

Dehydration

Dehydration occurs when more fluid from the body is lost than absorbed. Dehydration leaves the body with insufficient water and fluids to carry out normal body functions. While dehydration can affect people of all ages, children, the elderly, and those suffering from chronic illnesses are especially susceptible to the effects of dehydration. Mild cases of dehydration can easily be remedied by drinking more fluids, but severe cases may require immediate medical attention. ...

Coronary Artery Disease

Coronary artery disease is a buildup of fatty deposits in the coronary arteries, which supply blood to the heart. This buildup of fat, cholesterol and calcium, known collectively as plaque, can cause a hardening and narrowing of the arteries that restricts blood from reaching the heart. Blood clots can also form and completely block the artery. Coronary artery disease develops gradually, and can eventually lead to a heart attack or heart failure. Coronary artery disease is the leading cause of death in the United States for both men and women. ...

Corneal Abrasion

The cornea is the clear covering of the front of the eye which bends, or refracts, light rays as they enter the eye. Injuries, such as scratches or cuts, on the surface of the cornea are known as corneal abrasions. Due to the amount of nerve cells in the cornea, a corneal abrasion is usually painful. A corneal abrasion causes significant pain and discomfort; it is a serious condition that should be medically addressed as soon as possible. ...

Colonoscopy

A colonoscopy is a diagnostic procedure performed to examine the inside of the colon and rectum; it is used to determine causes of abdominal pain; rectal bleeding; and changes in bowel activity. It is also used to detect early signs of cancer. Colonoscopies are recommended every 10 years for everyone between the ages of 50 and 75. They may be recommended more frequently, or at a younger age, for people at elevated risk of developing colorectal cancer (CRC), typically patients with certain medical conditions or with a family history of the disease. Colonoscopies are also performed as follow-ups to other screening tests with positive results, such as a fecal occult blood tests. ...

Colles' Fracture

A Colles' fracture is a break in the distal radius, which is the larger of the two bones in the forearm. Because the distal radius usually breaks approximately 1 inch from its end, which is close to where it connects to the bones of the hand near the thumb, the injury is usually referred to as a "broken wrist." In the United States, Colles' fractures account for approximately 70 percent of all forearm fractures, and are typically the result of landing on a hand that has been extended to break a fall, or of a sports-related injury. In addition, the elderly are prone to Colles' fractures (as are those who have osteoporosis) because of the fragility of their bones. ...

Clavicle Fracture

The clavicle, commonly known as the collarbone, is the bone of the shoulder joint that connects the arm to the rest of the body. Clavicle fractures most frequently occur as a result of trauma from a blow to the shoulder, a fall, sports injury, or motor vehicle accident. They are most common in young children and older adults who are more susceptible to fractures, but may also occur in newborns as they pass through the birth canal during birth. ...

Child and Adolescent Counseling

Mental health is an important part of a child's overall health and has a profound impact on a child's physical health and his or her ability to succeed in school and in society. The mental health of a child is as important as the child's physical health in affecting how the child thinks, feels, and acts, both on the inside and outside. Mental health issues can have a long term impact on a child's ability to fulfill his or her potential as an adolescent and as an adult. ...

Chemosis

Chemosis is the swelling of the conjunctiva, the tissue that lines the eyelids and the surface of the eye. There are various causes for the occurrence of chemosis. They include:

• Eye irritation
• Allergies
• Viral infection
• Rubbing of the eye
• Sinus infection
• Headache
• Glaucoma
• Thyroid disease
• Eye disorder
• Post-operative complication

Patients with chemosis may notice that their eye looks like it has fluid on it, or they may experience swelling so severe that they cannot properly close their eyes. Patients with chemosis can often relieve their symptoms through simple home care methods such as: ...

Cardiovascular Disease

The cardiovascular system consists of the heart, blood vessels, and the blood that is circulated throughout these vessels. The cardiovascular system is powered by the heart and it is responsible for transporting oxygen, nutrients, and hormones throughout the body. When there is a breakdown or deficiency in the circulatory system, it is often referred to as cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular disease includes many different conditions that affect the cardiovascular system. Plaque may build up, narrowing the coronary arteries, and decrease blood flow to the heart. Blood clots may form within blood vessels and block blood flow to the heart or brain. In some cases, cardiovascular disease cannot be prevented. However, it can often be initially treated with healthy life style modifications. ...

Calf Muscle Strains

There are two calf muscles located at the back of the lower leg, the gastrocnemius and the soleus. The former is the larger calf muscle, the one creating a visible bulge beneath the skin, and is typically the one injured. These muscles are important, providing strength and stability to both the knee and heel joints. Calf strains are injuries that commonly result when the muscle is stretched, or pulled, beyond its usual limits. For this reason, the injury is frequently referred to as a "pulled" muscle. Calf muscle strains are most common in athletes whose sport requires quick bursts of speed, including running, basketball, soccer and football. ...

Bone-Anchored Hearing Aids

Bone-anchored hearing aids are implantable devices used to improve hearing by transmitting sound directly to the inner ear through the skull. They work by stimulating the inner ear through vibrations of the bone, and have been successfully used to improve patients' hearing for more than 30 years. ...

Bone Health

Healthy bones are a necessity for a full and active lifestyle. Although we depend on our bones everyday for physical support and consider them strong and rigid structures, bones are actually living tissue, growing and changing on a regular basis. Along with the calcium that gives them their strength, bones are also made up of a collagen protein that gives them flexibility but also makes them susceptible to weakening and injury. ...

Balance Disorders

A balance disorder is a complex condition that causes unsteadiness and dizziness, and sensations of spinning, moving or floating. Part of the inner ear known as the labyrinth interacts with other body systems, including those of the eyes, bones and joints, to maintain balance. Normal balance requires the work of three sensory systems: the visual; the vestibular, which is located in the inner ear; and the somatosensory, which involves the muscular and skeletal systems. These systems, as well as the brain and nervous systems, can be the source of balance problems. When these systems do not function properly, vertigo, spinning, disorientation, trouble focusing the eyes, and poor balance may result. ...

Back Pain

The spine is the main support for the human body and provides protection for the spinal cord. It is comprised of 33 vertebrae that permit you to maintain an upright position as well as bend. There are three regions of the spine: the cervical or neck area, the thoracic or chest area and the lumbar or lower back area. The sacral and coccyx areas make up the bottom of the spine. ...

Ataxia

Ataxia is a neurological disorder that affects the cerebellum, the part of the brain that controls muscle coordination. In patients with ataxia, damage and degeneration of cells in the cerebellum lead to a lack of control of voluntary movements, like walking, and can also affect speech, eye movement and swallowing. ...

Asthma

Asthma is a condition in which the lungs and air passages become inflamed and constricted, interfering with normal breathing. During the first stage of an asthmatic response, inhaled allergens or other irritants cause the airways to constrict. During the second stage, an inflammatory response causes the airways to swell, and fill with thickened, sticky mucus. During an attack, patients have increasing difficulty in breathing, and usually make the wheezing sound typically associated with asthma. Although life-threatening, asthma can usually be well-controlled with medication. ...

Arthritis

Arthritis is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and swelling in the joints. Osteoarthritis is a common form of arthritis caused by the wearing down of the cartilage that protects the bones of a joint. Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune condition caused by an inflammation in the lining of the joints. Both forms of arthritis cause pain, tenderness, and swelling, and may result in loss of movement in the affected joints. Over time, joints affected by arthritis may become severely damaged. Arthritis occurs more frequently in older individuals, however it sometimes develops in athletes from overuse of a joint or after an injury. It can however, affect people of any age, including children. ...

Apgar Test

An Apgar test is given to a baby one minute after it is born, and then five minutes later, to evaluate its physical condition. Developed in 1952 by anesthesiologist Virginia Apgar, the results of the test are used to determine whether there is an immediate need for medical intervention.

An Apgar test is performed by a doctor or nurse, and is used to evaluate the following: ...

Ankle Strain

An ankle strain is an injury to a muscle or tendon in the ankle. An ankle strain is a common injury that occurs when the ankle muscle is stretched or torn. A strain is caused by twisting or pulling of the muscle or tendon and may be caused by playing sports, lifting heavy objects or an injury that causes the foot and ankle to twist inward. ...

Ankle Fracture

An ankle fracture, commonly known as a broken ankle, involves any type of break or crack in the tibia, fibula, or talus. Common causes of an ankle fracture may include a sports injury, a motor vehicle accident or a fall. An ankle fracture can include injury to one or more of the bones that make up the ankle joint. The more bones that are broken, the more complicated and severe the fracture is. Treatment for a broken ankle depends on the type and severity of the individual fracture, but may include wearing a cast or brace, applying ice and taking anti-inflammatory medication. Stable fractures can usually heal on their own within a few weeks, while more complicated ones may require surgery to reposition the broken bone. ...

Amblyopia

Amblyopia, also known as lazy eye, is an eye condition that results in reduced vision in one eye. Amblyopia usually affects one eye but has been known to affect both eyes. Amblyopia is the leading cause of visual impairment among children. If left untreated, amblyopia can result in the permanent loss of vision in the affected eye. This condition affects two to three percent of the population as a result of genetic causes, related conditions or trauma. Treatment of amblyopia in children has begun as early as one week old. ...

Allergic Conjunctivitis

Allergic conjunctivitis is a common eye condition that affects millions of Americans, causing eye irritation and chronic discomfort. The condition is triggered by airborne allergens, such as pollen, mold, dust or pet dander. In patients with allergies, contact with such airborne substances results in inflammation of the conjunctiva, the clear layer of tissue lining the eyelids and covering the white of the eye. While extremely uncomfortable, allergic conjunctivitis does result in any serious visual impairment. ...

Adolescent Gynecology

Gynecological exams are valuable to adolescents in many ways. It is important for young women to be assessed early, especially if they are sexually active, and to begin a relationship with a doctor that may guide them through many important milestones in their lives. The adolescent gynecologist provides wellness consultations for adolescents with a goal of establishing a bond of trust and confidence with each patient. Adolescent gynecology is a subspecialty of obstetrics and gynecology. ...

Acute and Chronic Ear Infections

Ear infections, also known as otitis media, are extremely common, particularly in childhood. Up to 75 percent of children in the United States have had an ear infection by the time they reach the age of three. Ear infections occur in the middle ear as a result of a buildup of fluid in the Eustachian tubes, which connect the eardrum to the nose. These infections may be precipitated by bacterial or viral infections of the nose or throat or by allergy attacks. ...

Acoustic Trauma

Acoustic trauma is an injury to the mechanisms within the inner ear that control hearing. This type of injury can lead to hearing loss or ringing in the ear. Acoustic trauma is not caused by a blow to the ear, but rather by a very loud noise such as an explosion or gunshot, or by long-term exposure to loud noises. A diagnostic procedure called audiometry can determine how much damage has been caused by acoustic trauma. ...

Acoustic Neuroma

An acoustic neuroma is a benign tumor found on the vestibular cochlear nerve, the nerve that connects the ear to the brain. This nerve is behind the ear, right under the brain.

A type of auditory tumor, an acoustic neuroma is also known as a vestibular schwannoma. This type of tumor is usually slow-growing and, although it does not affect brain tissue as cancerous tumors do, it may press against the nerves controlling hearing and balance as it grows. An acoustic neuroma is an uncommon cause of hearing loss. Many patients do not experience any problems from this type of tumor because it may remain very small, but if enlarges enough to exert serious pressure on the brain, it may become life-threatening. ...

Acanthamoeba Keratitis

Acanthamoeba keratitis is a rare eye infection that can lead to a permanent loss of vision. The condition is caused by Acanthamoeba, a tiny organism commonly found in water sources such as lakes, oceans and tap water, as well as in the soil and air conditioning and sewage systems. If a person swims in a body of water contaminated by Acanthamoeba, for example, the microbe may come into contact with the cornea of the eye and initiate an infection. ...